What is Prompt Engineering?
Prompt Engineering is the art and science of crafting effective inputs (prompts) to get desired outputs from large language models. It's the most important skill for working with AI.
💡 Why It Matters
- Same model, 10x better results with good prompts
- No coding required - just clear communication
- Immediate impact on output quality
- Saves time and API costs
🎯 Core Principles
1. Be Specific
❌ "Write about AI"
✅ "Write a 300-word blog post explaining transformers to high school students"
2. Provide Context
❌ "Summarize this"
✅ "You are a medical expert. Summarize this research paper for patients"
3. Show Examples
❌ "Classify sentiment"
✅ "Positive: Great!, Negative: Awful!, Neutral: OK"
4. Step-by-Step
❌ "Solve this problem"
✅ "Let's solve this step by step. First..."
📝 Prompt Patterns
Pattern 1: Role-Based Prompts
# Give the AI a specific role
prompt = """
You are an experienced Python developer with expertise in data science.
Help me optimize this code for processing large datasets:
[code here]
Provide specific suggestions for improving performance.
"""
# Works well for:
- Expert advice
- Technical writing
- Specialized knowledge
Pattern 2: Few-Shot Learning
# Provide examples of desired output
prompt = """
Extract the company name and job title from these texts:
Text: John Smith works as a Data Scientist at Google
Output: {"company": "Google", "title": "Data Scientist"}
Text: Sarah is the CTO of Microsoft
Output: {"company": "Microsoft", "title": "CTO"}
Text: Alex Martinez is employed by Tesla as a Software Engineer
Output:"""
# AI learns pattern and applies to new example
Pattern 3: Chain-of-Thought (CoT)
# Encourage step-by-step reasoning
prompt = """
Problem: A store has 23 apples. They sell 17 in the morning and receive
a delivery of 42 more. How many apples do they have now?
Let's solve this step by step:
1. Start with: 23 apples
2. After morning sales: 23 - 17 = 6 apples
3. After delivery: 6 + 42 = 48 apples
Therefore, they have 48 apples.
Now solve this: A library has 156 books. They lend out 89 and purchase 67 new ones.
How many books do they have now? Let's solve step by step:
"""
# Dramatically improves reasoning accuracy!
Pattern 4: Structured Output
# Request specific format
prompt = """
Analyze the sentiment of this review. Return JSON with score and reasoning.
Review: "The product works okay but shipping was slow."
Format:
{
"sentiment": "positive/negative/neutral",
"score": -1 to 1,
"reasoning": "explanation",
"key_aspects": ["list", "of", "aspects"]
}
"""
# Gets consistently formatted outputs
🚀 Advanced Techniques
1. Self-Consistency
Generate multiple responses and use majority vote
import openai
prompt = "What is 1547 + 3892? Show your work."
# Generate 5 different responses
responses = []
for i in range(5):
response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(
model="gpt-4",
messages=[{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
temperature=0.7
)
responses.append(response.choices[0].message.content)
# Find most common answer
# More reliable than single response!
2. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
# Provide relevant context from your data
context = """
[Retrieved relevant documents from your database]
"""
prompt = f"""
Based on the following context, answer the question.
Context:
{context}
Question: What is our return policy?
Answer based only on the provided context. If the answer isn't in the context, say so.
"""
3. Tree of Thoughts
prompt = """
Problem: Plan a 5-day trip to Japan
Generate 3 different approach strategies:
Strategy A: [Focus on culture and temples]
Strategy B: [Focus on food and cuisine]
Strategy C: [Focus on nature and hiking]
Evaluate each strategy:
Strategy A evaluation: [pros and cons]
Strategy B evaluation: [pros and cons]
Strategy C evaluation: [pros and cons]
Select best strategy: [choice with reasoning]
Final detailed plan based on chosen strategy:
[day by day itinerary]
"""
💡 Best Practices
✅ DO
- Be specific about length: "Write 3 paragraphs" or "200 words"
- Specify format: "in bullet points", "as JSON", "in a table"
- Give examples: Show what good output looks like
- Use delimiters: """triple quotes""" or ###markers### for clarity
- Ask for reasoning: "Explain your thought process"
- Iterate: Refine prompts based on output
❌ DON'T
- Be vague: "Write something good" → too unclear
- Ask impossible: "Be 100% accurate" → AI has limitations
- Mix multiple tasks: Do one thing well, not five things poorly
- Forget context: Assume model knows your specific situation
- Ignore output format: Unstructured output is hard to use
🎨 Domain-Specific Examples
Code Generation
"""
Write a Python function that:
- Takes a list of integers
- Filters out even numbers
- Returns the square of odd numbers
- Include docstring and type hints
- Add example usage
"""
Content Writing
"""
Write a LinkedIn post about AI in healthcare.
Requirements:
- Tone: Professional but conversational
- Length: 200 words
- Include: 1 statistic, 1 real-world example
- Add: 3 relevant hashtags
- Hook: Start with a surprising fact
"""
Data Analysis
"""
Analyze this sales data and provide insights:
[CSV data here]
Generate:
1. Top 3 insights (with numbers)
2. Trends over time
3. Recommendations (specific actions)
4. Data visualization suggestions
Format as markdown with clear headers.
"""
Customer Support
"""
You are a customer support agent for TechCo.
Guidelines:
- Be empathetic and professional
- Offer specific solutions
- If you can't help, escalate politely
- Keep responses under 100 words
Customer message: [message]
Response:
"""
🔧 Prompt Engineering Tools
OpenAI Playground
Interactive testing environment
- Test different parameters
- Compare models
- Save presets
PromptPerfect
Automatically optimize prompts
- AI-powered improvements
- A/B testing
- Analytics
LangChain
Build complex prompt chains
- Prompt templates
- Chain multiple calls
- Memory management
Prompt Base
Community prompt library
- Ready-to-use prompts
- Buy/sell prompts
- Learn from others
📊 Measuring Prompt Quality
Key Metrics
| Metric | What It Measures | How to Improve |
|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | Correctness of output | Add examples, be specific |
| Consistency | Same input → similar output | Lower temperature, clear format |
| Relevance | Stays on topic | Provide context, constraints |
| Completeness | Covers all requirements | List requirements explicitly |
🎯 Key Takeaways
- Specificity is key - tell the AI exactly what you want
- Examples are powerful - show, don't just tell
- Chain-of-Thought dramatically improves reasoning tasks
- Iterate on prompts - first try is rarely perfect
- Structure outputs - request JSON, markdown, or specific formats
- Test variations - small prompt changes can have big effects