๐Ÿ”„ Verb Forms (ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆดป็”จ)

Mastering Japanese Verb Conjugations

Understanding Japanese Verb Forms

Japanese verb conjugation is systematic and logical. Understanding how to form different verb tenses and forms is fundamental to N3-level Japanese. This section covers all essential verb forms, conjugation patterns, and their usage in context.

๐ŸŽฏ Verb Groups & Basic Forms

Three Verb Groups:

Group 1 (ไบ”ๆฎตๅ‹•่ฉž - Godan):
- Verbs ending in ใ†ใ€ใใ€ใใ€ใ™ใ€ใคใ€ใฌใ€ใถใ€ใ‚€ใ€ใ‚‹
- Examples: ๆ›ธใ (write), ่ฉฑใ™ (speak), ่ชญใ‚€ (read)
- Most common group

Group 2 (ไธ€ๆฎตๅ‹•่ฉž - Ichidan):
- Verbs ending in -iru or -eru
- Examples: ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ (eat), ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ (see), ่ตทใใ‚‹ (wake up)
- Regular conjugation (drop ใ‚‹)

Group 3 (ไธ่ฆๅ‰‡ๅ‹•่ฉž - Irregular):
- Only two verbs: ใ™ใ‚‹ (do) and ๆฅใ‚‹ (come)
- Must memorize conjugations

Essential Verb Forms:
1. Dictionary Form (่พžๆ›ธๅฝข)
2. Masu Form (ใพใ™ๅฝข)
3. Te Form (ใฆๅฝข)
4. Ta Form (ใŸๅฝข/past)
5. Nai Form (ใชใ„ๅฝข/negative)
6. Conditional Forms (ใฐใ€ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใจใ€ใชใ‚‰)
7. Potential Form (ๅฏ่ƒฝๅฝข)
8. Passive Form (ๅ—่บซๅฝข)
9. Causative Form (ไฝฟๅฝนๅฝข)
10. Volitional Form (ๆ„ๅ‘ๅฝข)

๐Ÿ“š Verb Form Details

Form 1: Dictionary Form (Plain Present)

Dictionary Form - ่พžๆ›ธๅฝข
โ€ข Base form found in dictionary
โ€ข Used in plain/casual speech
โ€ข Used before certain grammar patterns

Examples:
โ€ข ่กŒใ (iku) - to go
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ (taberu) - to eat
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ (suru) - to do
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ (kuru) - to come

Usage:
โ€ข ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ่กŒใใ€‚(I'll go tomorrow.) - casual
โ€ข ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚(I intend to go.) - before grammar
โ€ข ่กŒใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚(Can go.) - before pattern
โ€ข ่กŒใใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚(I think I'll go.) - before quotation

Form 2: Masu Form (Polite Present/Future)

Masu Form - ใพใ™ๅฝข
โ€ข Polite form for present/future
โ€ข Standard polite speech

Formation:
Group 1: Change ใ†-row to ใ„-row + ใพใ™
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใใพใ™ (kaku โ†’ kakimasu)
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ (hanasu โ†’ hanashimasu)
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใฟใพใ™ (yomu โ†’ yomimasu)

Group 2: Drop ใ‚‹ + ใพใ™
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใพใ™ (taberu โ†’ tabemasu)
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใพใ™ (miru โ†’ mimasu)

Group 3: Irregular
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใพใ™ (suru โ†’ shimasu)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใพใ™ (kuru โ†’ kimasu)

Negative: ใพใ›ใ‚“
โ€ข ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ (don't go)
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ (don't eat)

Past: ใพใ—ใŸ
โ€ข ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ (went)
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ (ate)

Past Negative: ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
โ€ข ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (didn't go)
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ (didn't eat)

Form 3: Te Form (Connective)

Te Form - ใฆๅฝข
โ€ข Most versatile verb form
โ€ข Used for connections, requests, ongoing actions

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข ใ†ใ€ใคใ€ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ (่ฒทใ†โ†’่ฒทใฃใฆใ€ๅพ…ใคโ†’ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ไน—ใ‚‹โ†’ไน—ใฃใฆ)
โ€ข ใ‚€ใ€ใถใ€ใฌ โ†’ ใ‚“ใง (่ชญใ‚€โ†’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ€้Šใถโ†’้Šใ‚“ใงใ€ๆญปใฌโ†’ๆญปใ‚“ใง)
โ€ข ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฆ (ๆ›ธใโ†’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ€่žใโ†’่žใ„ใฆ)
โ€ข ใ โ†’ ใ„ใง (ๆณณใโ†’ๆณณใ„ใงใ€ๆ€ฅใโ†’ๆ€ฅใ„ใง)
โ€ข ใ™ โ†’ ใ—ใฆ (่ฉฑใ™โ†’่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ€่ฒธใ™โ†’่ฒธใ—ใฆ)
Exception: ่กŒใ โ†’ ่กŒใฃใฆ

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใฆ
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใฆ (taberu โ†’ tabete)
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใฆ (miru โ†’ mite)

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใฆ (shite)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใฆ (kite)

Common Uses:
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚(Please eat.) - request
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚(Eating/am eating.) - ongoing
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใฆใ‹ใ‚‰่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚(After eating, I'll go.) - sequence
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚(May eat.) - permission

Form 4: Ta Form (Past)

Ta Form - ใŸๅฝข (Plain Past)
โ€ข Casual past tense
โ€ข Used before certain patterns

Formation:
โ€ข Same rules as ใฆ form, but ใŸ instead of ใฆ
โ€ข Same rules as ใฆ form, but ใ  instead of ใง

Examples:
Group 1:
โ€ข ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ่ฒทใฃใŸ (katta) - bought
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚“ใ  (yonda) - read
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ (kaita) - wrote
โ€ข ๆณณใ โ†’ ๆณณใ„ใ  (oyoida) - swam
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ—ใŸ (hanashita) - spoke

Group 2:
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใŸ (tabeta) - ate
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใŸ (mita) - saw

Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใŸ (shita) - did
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใŸ (kita) - came

Usage:
โ€ข ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚(Went yesterday.) - casual past
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚(Have eaten before.) - experience
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ€‚(Just saw.) - just did

Form 5: Nai Form (Negative)

Nai Form - ใชใ„ๅฝข (Plain Negative)
โ€ข Casual negative present
โ€ข Base for other negative forms

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใ‚-row + ใชใ„
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ (kaku โ†’ kakanai)
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใชใ„ (hanasu โ†’ hanasanai)
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใพใชใ„ (yomu โ†’ yomanai)
โ€ข ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ่ฒทใ‚ใชใ„ (kau โ†’ kawanai) - special ใ† โ†’ ใ‚

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใชใ„
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใชใ„ (taberu โ†’ tabenai)
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ (miru โ†’ minai)

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใชใ„ (suru โ†’ shinai)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใชใ„ (kuru โ†’ konai)

Past Negative: ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ
โ€ข ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ (didn't go)
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ (didn't eat)

Usage Before Patterns:
โ€ข ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚(Don't intend to go.)
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚(Please don't eat.)
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚(Better not to look.)

Form 6: Conditional Forms

ใฐ-Form (Conditional "if")

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใˆ-row + ใฐ
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‘ใฐ (kakeba) - if (you) write
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ›ใฐ (hanaseba) - if (you) speak
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚ใฐ (yomeba) - if (you) read

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚Œใฐ
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใฐ (tabereba) - if (you) eat
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ (mireba) - if (you) see

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ (sureba)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚Œใฐ (kureba)

Negative ใฐ-Form:
โ€ข ใชใ„ โ†’ ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
โ€ข ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ (if don't go / must go)

Examples:
โ€ข ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅˆๆ ผใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(If you study, you can pass.)

โ€ข ๅฎ‰ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ฒทใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(If it's cheap, I'll buy it.)

โ€ข ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไธญๆญขใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(If it rains, it's canceled.)

Form 7: Potential Form (Can Do)

Potential Form - ๅฏ่ƒฝๅฝข
โ€ข Express ability "can do"
โ€ข Object takes ใŒ or ใ‚’

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใˆ-row + ใ‚‹
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹ (kakeru) - can write
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹ (hanaseru) - can speak
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚ใ‚‹ (yomeru) - can read
โ€ข ๆณณใ โ†’ ๆณณใ’ใ‚‹ (oyogeru) - can swim

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (taberareru) - can eat
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (mirareru) - can see

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใงใใ‚‹ (dekiru) - can do
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (korareru) - can come

Examples:
โ€ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใŒ่ฉฑใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(I can speak Japanese.)

โ€ข ๆผขๅญ—ใŒ่ชญใ‚ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚
ใ€€(Can you read kanji?)

โ€ข ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
ใ€€(I can't come tomorrow.)

Note: ใŒ preferred for potential, ใ‚’ also acceptable

Form 8: Passive Form

Passive Form - ๅ—่บซๅฝข
โ€ข "Be done to" or "undergo action"
โ€ข Can express suffering/inconvenience

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใ‚-row + ใ‚Œใ‚‹
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (kakareru) - be written
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (hanasareru) - be spoken
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ (yomareru) - be read

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (taberareru) - be eaten
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (mirareru) - be seen

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (sareru)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (korareru)

Examples:
โ€ข ใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใซ่ชญใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(This book is read by many people.)

โ€ข ๅ‹้”ใซๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ใ€€(I was lied to by my friend.) - suffering

โ€ข ้›จใซ้™ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅ›ฐใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ€€(I got rained on and was troubled.)

Form 9: Causative Form

Causative Form - ไฝฟๅฝนๅฝข
โ€ข "Make/let someone do"
โ€ข Express causing action

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใ‚-row + ใ›ใ‚‹
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ (kakaseru) - make write
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (hanasaseru) - make speak
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‹ (yomaseru) - make read

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (tabesaseru) - make eat
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (misaseru) - make see

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (saseru)
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (kosaseru)

Examples:
โ€ข ๅญไพ›ใซ้‡Ž่œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(I make my child eat vegetables.)

โ€ข ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ€€(I made the students wait.)

โ€ข ๆฏๅญใ‚’็•™ๅญฆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ€€(I'll let my son study abroad.)

Form 10: Volitional Form

Volitional Form - ๆ„ๅ‘ๅฝข
โ€ข "Let's do" or "I will do" (intention)
โ€ข Express will/invitation

Formation - Group 1:
โ€ข Change ใ†-row to ใŠ-row + ใ†
โ€ข ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ“ใ† (kakou) - let's write
โ€ข ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใใ† (hanasou) - let's speak
โ€ข ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚‚ใ† (yomou) - let's read
โ€ข ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ่ฒทใŠใ† (kaou) - let's buy

Formation - Group 2:
โ€ข Drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚ˆใ†
โ€ข ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ† (tabeyou) - let's eat
โ€ข ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ† (miyou) - let's see

Formation - Group 3:
โ€ข ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใ‚ˆใ† (shiyou) - let's do
โ€ข ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚ˆใ† (koyou) - let's come

Examples:
โ€ข ไธ€็ท’ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†๏ผ
ใ€€(Let's go together!)

โ€ข ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰้ ‘ๅผตใ‚ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ€€(I think I'll try hard starting tomorrow.)

โ€ข ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
ใ€€(Shall we watch a movie?)

โœ๏ธ Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Masu Form

1. ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟใพใ™
a) ๆ›ธใ
b) ๆ›ธใ„
c) ๆ›ธใ‹
d) ๆ›ธใ‘
2. ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟใพใ™
a) ้ฃŸในใ‚Š
b) ้ฃŸใน
c) ้ฃŸในใ„
d) ้ฃŸในใ‚‰

Exercise 2: Te Form

3. ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่ฒทใ„ใฆ
b) ่ฒทใฃใฆ
c) ่ฒทใฆ
d) ่ฒทใ†ใฆ
4. ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่ชญใฟใฆ
b) ่ชญใ„ใฆ
c) ่ชญใ‚“ใง
d) ่ชญใ‚€ใฆ
5. ๆณณใ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ๆณณใ„ใฆ
b) ๆณณใŽใฆ
c) ๆณณใ„ใง
d) ๆณณใใฆ

Exercise 3: Nai Form

6. ่กŒใ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่กŒใใชใ„
b) ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„
c) ่กŒใ‘ใชใ„
d) ่กŒใ„ใชใ„
7. ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„
b) ่ฆ‹ใชใ„
c) ่ฆ‹ใ‚Šใชใ„
d) ่ฆ‹ใชใ„

Exercise 4: Potential Form

8. ่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹
b) ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚‹
c) ่ฉฑใ—ใ‚‹
d) ่ฉฑใ™ใ‚Œใ‚‹
9. ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใ‚‹
b) ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
c) ้ฃŸในใ‚Šใ‚‹
d) both a and b

Exercise 5: Conditional Form (ใฐ)

10. ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ๆ›ธใใฐ
b) ๆ›ธใ‘ใฐ
c) ๆ›ธใ„ใฐ
d) ๆ›ธใ‹ใฐ
11. ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่ฆ‹ใ‚Šใฐ
b) ่ฆ‹ใˆใฐ
c) ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ
d) ่ฆ‹ใฐ

Exercise 6: Volitional Form

12. ่กŒใ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ่กŒใใ†
b) ่กŒใ“ใ†
c) ่กŒใ‹ใ†
d) ่กŒใ‘ใ†
13. ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ้ฃŸในใ†
b) ้ฃŸในใ‚ใ†
c) ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†
d) ้ฃŸในใ‚Šใ†

Exercise 7: Mixed Forms

14. ใ™ใ‚‹ (Te Form) โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ใ™ใฃใฆ
b) ใ—ใฆ
c) ใ—ใฃใฆ
d) ใ™ใฆ
15. ๆฅใ‚‹ (Potential Form) โ†’ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
a) ๆฅใ‚Œใ‚‹
b) ๆฅใˆใ‚‹
c) ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
d) ๆฅใงใใ‚‹

โœ… Answer Key & Explanations

Exercise 1:
1. a) ๆ›ธใ
   ๆ›ธใ (Group 1) โ†’ change ใ to ใ + ใพใ™

2. b) ้ฃŸใน
   ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ (Group 2) โ†’ drop ใ‚‹ + ใพใ™

Exercise 2:
3. b) ่ฒทใฃใฆ
   ่ฒทใ† โ†’ ่ฒทใฃใฆ (ใ† โ†’ ใฃใฆ)

4. c) ่ชญใ‚“ใง
   ่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ ่ชญใ‚“ใง (ใ‚€ โ†’ ใ‚“ใง)

5. c) ๆณณใ„ใง
   ๆณณใ โ†’ ๆณณใ„ใง (ใ โ†’ ใ„ใง)

Exercise 3:
6. b) ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„
   ่กŒใ โ†’ change ใ to ใ‹ + ใชใ„

7. b) ่ฆ‹ใชใ„ (or d, both same)
   ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ (Group 2) โ†’ drop ใ‚‹ + ใชใ„

Exercise 4:
8. a) ่ฉฑใ›ใ‚‹
   ่ฉฑใ™ (Group 1) โ†’ change ใ™ to ใ› + ใ‚‹

9. d) both a and b
   ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ is standard
   ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใ‚‹ is colloquial "ใ‚‰-nuki"

Exercise 5:
10. b) ๆ›ธใ‘ใฐ
    ๆ›ธใ โ†’ change ใ to ใ‘ + ใฐ

11. c) ่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ
    ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚Œใฐ

Exercise 6:
12. b) ่กŒใ“ใ†
    ่กŒใ โ†’ change ใ to ใ“ + ใ†

13. c) ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†
    ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚ˆใ†

Exercise 7:
14. b) ใ—ใฆ
    ใ™ใ‚‹ (irregular) โ†’ ใ—ใฆ

15. c) ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
    ๆฅใ‚‹ (irregular) โ†’ ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Scoring:
13-15: Excellent! Strong conjugation mastery
10-12: Good! Minor form review
7-9: Fair - practice conjugation patterns
0-6: Keep studying - focus on verb groups

๐Ÿ“Š Verb Conjugation Summary Chart

Quick Reference (using ๆ›ธใ, ้ฃŸในใ‚‹, ใ™ใ‚‹, ๆฅใ‚‹):

Form          | Group 1 | Group 2 | Irregular
-------------------------------------------------
Dictionary    | ๆ›ธใ    | ้ฃŸในใ‚‹   | ใ™ใ‚‹/ๆฅใ‚‹
Masu          | ๆ›ธใใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใพใ™ | ใ—ใพใ™/ๆฅใพใ™
Te            | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆ  | ้ฃŸในใฆ   | ใ—ใฆ/ๆฅใฆ
Ta            | ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ  | ้ฃŸในใŸ   | ใ—ใŸ/ๆฅใŸ
Nai           | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใชใ„ | ใ—ใชใ„/ๆฅใชใ„
ใฐ-Form       | ๆ›ธใ‘ใฐ  | ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใฐ | ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ/ๆฅใ‚Œใฐ
Potential     | ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹  | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ใงใใ‚‹/ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
Passive       | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹/ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
Causative     | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ | ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹/ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
Volitional    | ๆ›ธใ“ใ†  | ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ† | ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†/ๆฅใ‚ˆใ†

Group 1 Pattern:
ใ†-row โ†’ ใ„-row (masu)
ใ†-row โ†’ ใ‚-row (nai/passive/causative)
ใ†-row โ†’ ใˆ-row (potential/conditional)
ใ†-row โ†’ ใŠ-row (volitional)

Group 2 Pattern:
Drop ใ‚‹ + ending

Group 3:
Memorize irregular forms

๐ŸŽฏ Key Takeaways