🏗️ Classes & Objects

class Dog:
    # Class attribute (shared by all instances)
    species = "Canis familiaris"
    
    # Constructor (__init__ initializes instance)
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name  # Instance attribute
        self.age = age
    
    # Instance method
    def bark(self):
        return f"{self.name} says Woof!"
    
    def description(self):
        return f"{self.name} is {self.age} years old"

# Creating objects (instances)
dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)
dog2 = Dog("Max", 5)

print(dog1.bark())        # Buddy says Woof!
print(dog2.description()) # Max is 5 years old
print(dog1.species)       # Canis familiaris

class Counter:
    count = 0  # Class attribute
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # Instance attribute
        Counter.count += 1  # Modify class attribute
    
    @classmethod
    def get_count(cls):
        return cls.count

c1 = Counter("First")
c2 = Counter("Second")
print(Counter.get_count())  # 2