๐Ÿ”„ Causative-Passive Forms (ไฝฟๅฝนๅ—่บซ)

Master Make/Let and Being Made To Do

Understanding Causative-Passive Forms

Causative-passive forms combine causative (making/letting someone do something) and passive (receiving an action). This is a key N2 grammar point used to express being made to do something, often with a nuance of unwillingness or burden.

๐ŸŽฏ Causative Forms (ไฝฟๅฝนๅฝข)

Formation

Group 1 Verbs (u-verbs):
Change u-sound to a-sound + ใ›ใ‚‹
ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ (make write)
้ฃฒใ‚€ โ†’ ้ฃฒใพใ›ใ‚‹ (make drink)
ๅพ…ใค โ†’ ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‹ (make wait)
่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make speak)

Group 2 Verbs (ru-verbs):
Remove ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make eat)
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make see)
ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆ•™ใˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make teach)

Irregular Verbs:
ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make do)
ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (make come)

Special note:
For Group 1 single-syllable stems ending in ใ™:
่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ (not ่ฉฑใ•ใ™ใ‚‹)

Causative Usage Patterns

1. Forced Action (ๅผทๅˆถ)
ๆฏใฏๅญไพ›ใซ้‡Ž่œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
The mother makes her child eat vegetables.

ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใซๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
The teacher makes students do homework.

2. Allowing Action (่จฑๅฏ)
่ฆชใฏๅญไพ›ใ‚’้Šใฐใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
Parents let their children play.

ไผš็คพใฏ็คพๅ“กใ‚’ๆ—ฉใๅธฐใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ€‚
The company let employees go home early.

3. Causing to Happen (ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™)
ใ“ใฎ่–ฌใฏ็œ ใใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
This medicine makes you sleepy.

ใใฎ่ฉฑใฏ็งใ‚’็ฌ‘ใ‚ใ›ใŸใ€‚
That story made me laugh.

Particle Usage:
Person ใ‚’/ใซ + Action ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹
- ใ‚’: emphasis on forcing
- ใซ: softer, allowing nuance

Examples:
ๅญไพ›ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚(make the child study - forced)
ๅญไพ›ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚(let the child study - allowed)

๐Ÿ”„ Passive Forms (ๅ—่บซๅฝข)

Formation

Group 1 Verbs (u-verbs):
Change u-sound to a-sound + ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be written)
้ฃฒใ‚€ โ†’ ้ฃฒใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be drunk)
ๅพ…ใค โ†’ ๅพ…ใŸใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be waited for)
่ฉฑใ™ โ†’ ่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be spoken)

Group 2 Verbs (ru-verbs):
Remove ใ‚‹ + ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be eaten)
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be seen)
ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be taught)

Irregular Verbs:
ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be done)
ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be come to)

Note: Group 2 passive = potential form
้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ can mean "be eaten" or "can eat"
Context determines meaning!

Passive Usage Types

1. Direct Passive (็›ดๆŽฅๅ—่บซ)
ๆณฅๆฃ’ใŒ่ญฆๅฏŸใซๆ•ใพใˆใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
The thief was caught by the police.

ใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใซ่ชญใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
This book is being read by many people.

2. Indirect Passive (้–“ๆŽฅๅ—่บซ) - Japanese specific!
้›จใซ้™ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆฟกใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚
I was rained on and got wet.

ๅ‹้”ใซๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
My friend came (on me) and I couldn't study.

ๅญไพ›ใซๆณฃใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ€ๅ›ฐใฃใŸใ€‚
My child cried (on me) and I was troubled.

3. Adversity Passive (่ฟทๆƒ‘ใฎๅ—่บซ)
่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’็›—ใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
My wallet was stolen. (I suffered)

้›ป่ปŠใง่ถณใ‚’่ธใพใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
My foot was stepped on in the train. (I suffered)

๐Ÿ’ซ Causative-Passive Forms (ไฝฟๅฝนๅ—่บซ)

Formation

Two Methods (same meaning):

Method 1: More common
Group 1: a-sound + ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ๅพ…ใค โ†’ ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Group 2: Remove ใ‚‹ + ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ โ†’ ่ฆ‹ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Irregular:
ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Method 2: Contracted form (spoken)
Group 1: a-sound + ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
ๆ›ธใ โ†’ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (more common in speech)
ๅพ…ใค โ†’ ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹

Note: Group 2 doesn't contract
้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (not ้ฃŸในใ•ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹)

Causative-Passive Usage

Meaning: "To be made to do something" (often unwillingly)

Examples:

1. ๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’็ฟ’ใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
   When I was a child, I was made to learn piano.
   (Implies: I didn't want to)

2. ไผš่ญฐใง็™บ่กจใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
   I was made to present at the meeting.
   (Implies: unwilling or unexpected)

3. ไธŠๅธใซๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
   I was made to work overtime by my boss.
   (Implies: didn't want to but had to)

4. ้•ทใ„้–“ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚(contracted form)
   I was made to wait for a long time.
   (Common expression of complaint)

5. ๅซŒใ„ใช้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
   I was made to eat food I dislike.
   (Clearly unwilling)

Nuance:
โœ“ Often expresses unwillingness
โœ“ Implies burden or inconvenience
โœ“ Speaker is affected negatively
โœ“ Common in complaints

Compare:
ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚(was made to do - unwilling)
ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚(did - neutral)
ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚(made someone do)

Common Causative-Passive Expressions

ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to wait)
โ†’ 1ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚‚ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to wait for a whole hour.

ใ‚„ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to do)
โ†’ ๅซŒใชไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to do unpleasant work.

่ชญใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to read)
โ†’ ้›ฃใ—ใ„ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใพใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to read a difficult book.

ๆ›ธใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to write)
โ†’ ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to write a report.

่กŒใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to go)
โ†’ ้ ใ„ๆ‰€ใพใง่กŒใ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to go to a distant place.

้ฃฒใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to drink)
โ†’ ใŠ้…’ใ‚’้ฃฒใพใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to drink alcohol.

่ฒทใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to buy)
โ†’ ้ซ˜ใ„็‰ฉใ‚’่ฒทใ‚ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to buy something expensive.

่žใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (be made to listen)
โ†’ ้•ทใ„่ฉฑใ‚’่žใ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
  I was made to listen to a long story.

๐Ÿ“Š Comparison Chart

Example verb: ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ (to eat)

Active (่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹):
็งใฏ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€‚
I eat.

Causative (ไฝฟๅฝน):
ๆฏใฏๅญไพ›ใซ้‡Ž่œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚
The mother makes the child eat vegetables.

Passive (ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹):
้‡Ž่œใŒ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚
Vegetables are eaten.

Causative-Passive (ไฝฟๅฝนๅ—่บซ):
็งใฏ้‡Ž่œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
I was made to eat vegetables.

โ•”โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•—
โ•‘ Form          โ•‘ Example          โ•‘ Meaning       โ•‘
โ• โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฃ
โ•‘ Dictionary    โ•‘ ๅพ…ใค             โ•‘ wait          โ•‘
โ•‘ Causative     โ•‘ ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‹         โ•‘ make wait     โ•‘
โ•‘ Passive       โ•‘ ๅพ…ใŸใ‚Œใ‚‹         โ•‘ be waited for โ•‘
โ•‘ Caus-Passive  โ•‘ ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹       โ•‘ be made wait  โ•‘
โ•šโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•

๐Ÿ’ก Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Form Practice

่ชญใ‚€ โ†’ Causative-Passive form
Answer: ่ชญใพใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ่ชญใพใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
(be made to read)
ๆ›ธใ โ†’ Causative-Passive form
Answer: ๆ›ธใ‹ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹
(be made to write)

Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Form

ๅญไพ›ใฎ้ ƒใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใƒ”ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚’___ใ€‚
A. ็ฟ’ใ‚ใ›ใŸ B. ็ฟ’ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸ C. ็ฟ’ใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ
Answer: C. ็ฟ’ใ‚ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ (was made to learn)
When I was a child, I was made to practice piano every day.
A = made someone learn (causative)
B = was learned (passive - wrong usage)
C = was made to learn (causative-passive) โœ“
ไธŠๅธใซ้•ทใ„้–“___ใ€‚
A. ๅพ…ใค B. ๅพ…ใŸใ›ใ‚‹ C. ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ
Answer: C. ๅพ…ใŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ (was made to wait)
I was made to wait a long time by my boss.

Exercise 3: Translation Practice

I was made to write a report.
ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚/ ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
She was made to drink medicine.
ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่–ฌใ‚’้ฃฒใพใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚/ ้ฃฒใพใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚

Exercise 4: Identify the Nuance

Which sentence expresses unwillingness?

1. ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚
   I did my homework. (neutral)

2. ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
   I was made to do my homework. (unwilling) โœ“

3. ๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚
   I made someone do homework. (neutral)

Answer: Sentence 2 expresses unwillingness/burden

โš ๏ธ Common Mistakes

โŒ ้ฃŸในใ•ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ (Wrong contraction for Group 2)
โœ… ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ (Group 2 doesn't contract)
I was made to eat.
โŒ ๅ…ˆ็”ŸใŒๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
โœ… ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
The student was made to study by the teacher.
In causative-passive, the receiver becomes the subject.
โŒ ๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚(Contradiction)
โœ… ๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸใ€‚
I was allowed to do something fun.
ใ•ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸ implies unwillingness, so avoid with positive actions.

๐ŸŽฏ Key Takeaways