Understanding Conditional Forms
Japanese has four main conditional forms: ใจ, ใฐ, ใใ, and ใชใ. Each has specific usage contexts and nuances. At the N2 level, you need to understand when to use each form and how they differ in meaning and application.
๐ฏ The Four Conditional Forms
1. ใจๆกไปถ (to - Natural Consequence)
Formation:
Verb (dictionary form) + ใจ
ใ-adjective + ใจ
ใช-adjective + ใ ใจ
Noun + ใ ใจ
Usage: Natural/habitual results, scientific facts, automatic outcomes
Examples:
ๆฅใซใชใใจใๆกใๅฒใใ
When spring comes, cherry blossoms bloom.
ใใฎใใฟใณใๆผใใจใใใขใ้ใใ
When you press this button, the door opens.
ๅณใซๆฒใใใจใ้ง
ใใใใ
If you turn right, there's a station.
้ขจ้ชใๅผใใจใ็ฑใๅบใใ
When you catch a cold, you get a fever.
Characteristics:
โ Used for natural/inevitable results
โ Often used for habitual actions
โ Cannot use volitional expressions in the result clause
โ Cannot use commands or requests in the result clause
โ ๆฅใซใชใใจใๆ
่กใใใใ(Wrong - volitional)
โ
ๆฅใซใชใฃใใใๆ
่กใใใใ(Correct)
2. ใฐๆกไปถ (ba - General Condition)
Formation:
Verb: Change u-sound to e-sound + ใฐ
่กใ โ ่กใใฐ
้ฃในใ โ ้ฃในใใฐ
ใใ โ ใใใฐ
ๆฅใ โ ๆฅใใฐ
ใ-adjective: Remove ใ + ใใใฐ
้ซใ โ ้ซใใใฐ
ใช-adjective: + ใงใใใฐ
ไพฟๅฉ โ ไพฟๅฉใงใใใฐ
Noun: + ใงใใใฐ
ๅญฆ็ โ ๅญฆ็ใงใใใฐ
Usage: General conditions, hypothetical situations
Examples:
ๆฉใ่ตทใใใฐใ้ใซๅใใ
If you wake up early, you'll make it in time.
ใใฃใจๅๅผทใใใฐใๅๆ ผใงใใใ
If you study more, you can pass.
ๅฎใใใฐใ่ฒทใใใใ
If it's cheap, I want to buy it.
ๆดใใงใใใฐใใใฏใใใฏใซ่กใใใ
If it's sunny, let's go on a picnic.
Characteristics:
โ Used for general conditional statements
โ Often implies "if this condition is met"
โ Can be used with suggestions/volitional in result
โ Slightly formal/literary tone
Special form:
ใใชใใใฐใชใใชใ (must, have to)
ๅๅผทใใชใใใฐใชใใชใใ
I must study.
3. ใใๆกไปถ (tara - Most Versatile)
Formation:
Verb ใ-form + ใ
่กใฃใ โ ่กใฃใใ
้ฃในใ โ ้ฃในใใ
ใ-adjective + ใใฃใใ
้ซใ โ ้ซใใฃใใ
ใช-adjective + ใ ใฃใใ
ไพฟๅฉ โ ไพฟๅฉใ ใฃใใ
Noun + ใ ใฃใใ
ๅญฆ็ โ ๅญฆ็ใ ใฃใใ
Usage: Most versatile; hypothetical, temporal sequence, discovery
Examples:
1. Hypothetical:
ใใๅฎใใใซๅฝใใฃใใใๅฎถใ่ฒทใใ
If I won the lottery, I'd buy a house.
2. Temporal sequence:
ๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใใใใใๅฏใใ
When I got home, I went to bed immediately.
3. Discovery:
ใใขใ้ใใใใ็ซใใใใ
When I opened the door, there was a cat.
4. Suggestion:
ๆใ ใฃใใใๆ ็ปใ่ฆใซ่กใใชใ?
If you're free, why don't we go see a movie?
Characteristics:
โ Most flexible and commonly used
โ Can express completed actions
โ Can use past tense in result clause
โ Can use commands, requests, volitional
โ Natural in spoken Japanese
Special usage:
ใใใใใ (if... then...)
ใใๆ้ใใใฃใใใๆไผใฃใฆใใ ใใใ
If you have time, please help me.
4. ใชใๆกไปถ (nara - Contextual Condition)
Formation:
Verb (plain form) + ใชใ
ใ-adjective + ใชใ
ใช-adjective + ใชใ
Noun + ใชใ
Usage: Based on given information, speaker's assumption
Examples:
A: ๆๆฅใๅคง้ชใซ่กใใพใใ
B: ๅคง้ชใซ่กใใชใใใใฎๅบใซ่กใฃใฆใฟใฆใ
A: I'm going to Osaka tomorrow.
B: If you're going to Osaka, try this restaurant.
ใ้ใใชใใชใใ่ฒธใใฆใใใใ
If you don't have money, I'll lend you some.
ๆฅๆฌ่ชใๅๅผทใใใชใใๆฏๆฅ็ทด็ฟใใๆนใใใใ
If you're going to study Japanese, you should practice daily.
ๅฝผใชใใ็ฅใฃใฆใใใฏใใ ใ
If it's him, he should know.
Characteristics:
โ Based on information from context
โ Often gives advice or suggestions
โ Speaker's opinion or recommendation
โ "If that's the case" nuance
โ Often used in responses
Difference from other forms:
ร ๆฅใซใชใใชใใๆกใๅฒใใ
โ
ๆฅใซใชใใจใๆกใๅฒใใ
(Natural consequence uses ใจ, not ใชใ)
๐ Comparing Conditional Forms
Same Sentence, Different Meanings
1. ้จใ้ใใจใ่ฉฆๅใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ
When it rains, the game is cancelled. (rule/fact)
2. ้จใ้ใใฐใ่ฉฆๅใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ
If it rains, the game will be cancelled. (general condition)
3. ้จใ้ใฃใใใ่ฉฆๅใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ
If it rains, the game will be cancelled. (hypothetical)
4. ้จใ้ใใชใใ่ฉฆๅใฏไธญๆญขใใๆนใใใใ
If it's going to rain, we should cancel the game. (suggestion)
Context determines which is most natural!
Usage Restrictions Comparison
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฆโโโโโฆโโโโโฆโโโโโโโฆโโโโโโโ
โ Feature โ ใจ โ ใฐ โ ใใ โ ใชใ โ
โ โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฌโโโโโฌโโโโโฌโโโโโโโฌโโโโโโโฃ
โ Volitional โ โ โ โณ โ โ โ โ โ
โ Command โ โ โ โณ โ โ โ โ โ
โ Request โ โ โ โณ โ โ โ โ โ
โ Past tense โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ
โ Discovery โ โณ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ
โ Advice โ โ โ โณ โ โ โ โ โ
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโฉโโโโโฉโโโโโฉโโโโโโโฉโโโโโโโ
โ = Natural/Common
โณ = Possible but limited
โ = Not natural/incorrect
Special Conditional Patterns
1. ใใฐใใปใฉ (the more... the more...)
ๅๅผทใใใฐใใใปใฉใ้ฃใใใชใใ
The more you study, the more difficult it becomes.
็ทด็ฟใใใฐใใใปใฉใไธๆใซใชใใ
The more you practice, the better you become.
2. ใใจใใใ/ใใจใใใฐ (supposing that, assuming)
ใใๅฝผใๆฅใใจใใใใไฝๆ้ ใ ใใใ
Supposing he comes, what time would it be?
3. ใใใใงใฏ/ใใใใ ใจ (if... then... [negative consequence])
ใใใชใใจใงๆใใใใงใฏใ็คพไผไบบใจใใฆๅคฑๆ ผใ ใ
If you get angry over something like that, you're
unqualified as a working adult.
4. ใใฆใใใงใชใใจ (not unless, only after)
่จฑๅฏใใใใฃใฆใใใงใชใใจใๅงใใใใชใใ
We can't start unless we get permission.
5. ใใใใใฐ (if only, as long as)
ใ้ใใใใใฐใไฝใงใ่ฒทใใใ
If you only have money, you can buy anything.
ๅฅๅบทใงใใใใใฐใๅนธใใ ใ
As long as you're healthy, you're happy.
๐ก Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Choose the Correct Form
ใใฎใใฟใณใๆผใ___ใ้ปๆฐใใคใใ
A. ใชใ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใใ
A. ใชใ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใใ
Answer: B. ใจ (automatic/natural result)
When you press this button, the light turns on.
Automatic consequence โ use ใจ
When you press this button, the light turns on.
Automatic consequence โ use ใจ
ๆ___ใ้ใณใซๆฅใฆใใ ใใใ
A. ใจ B. ใฐ C. ใ ใฃใใ D. ใชใ
A. ใจ B. ใฐ C. ใ ใฃใใ D. ใชใ
Answer: C. ใ ใฃใใ (request/invitation)
If you're free, please come visit.
Request in result clause โ cannot use ใจ
If you're free, please come visit.
Request in result clause โ cannot use ใจ
ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ___ใ่ชฐใใใชใใฃใใ
A. ใชใ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใใ
A. ใชใ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใใ
Answer: D. ใใ (discovery)
When I got home, no one was there.
Unexpected discovery โ use ใใ
When I got home, no one was there.
Unexpected discovery โ use ใใ
A: ไบฌ้ฝใซ่กใใพใใ
B: ไบฌ้ฝใซ่กใ___ใใใฎๅฏบใ่ฆใฆใใ ใใใ
A. ใจ B. ใใ C. ใชใ D. ใฐ
B: ไบฌ้ฝใซ่กใ___ใใใฎๅฏบใ่ฆใฆใใ ใใใ
A. ใจ B. ใใ C. ใชใ D. ใฐ
Answer: C. ใชใ (advice based on given info)
If you're going to Kyoto, see this temple.
Responding to given information โ use ใชใ
If you're going to Kyoto, see this temple.
Responding to given information โ use ใชใ
Exercise 2: Fix the Mistakes
โ ๆฅใซใชใใจใๆ
่กใใพใใใใ
โ ๆฅใซใชใฃใใใๆ ่กใใพใใใใ
โ ๆฅใซใชใฃใใใๆ ่กใใพใใใใ
When spring comes, let's travel.
Cannot use volitional with ใจ
Cannot use volitional with ใจ
โ ๆๆฅๆดใใชใใๆกใๅฒใใ
โ ๆๆฅๆดใใใใ่ฑ่ฆใซ่กใใใ
โ ๆๆฅๆดใใใใ่ฑ่ฆใซ่กใใใ
ใชใ is for suggestions based on given info, not natural results
Exercise 3: Create Sentences
Using different conditionals for the same basic idea:
Topic: Going to the library
ใจ: ๅณๆธ้คจใซ่กใใจใ้ใใซๅๅผทใงใใใ
(When you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
[natural result]
ใฐ: ๅณๆธ้คจใซ่กใใฐใ้ใใซๅๅผทใงใใใ
(If you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
[general condition]
ใใ: ๅณๆธ้คจใซ่กใฃใใใ้ใใซๅๅผทใงใใใ
(If you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
[hypothetical/suggestion]
ใชใ: ๅๅผทใใใชใใๅณๆธ้คจใซ่กใฃใๆนใใใใ
(If you're going to study, you should go to the library.)
[advice]
๐ฏ Key Takeaways
- ใจ for natural results: Automatic, habitual, scientific facts
- ใฐ for general conditions: "If this, then that" statements
- ใใ is most versatile: Works in most situations, especially with requests
- ใชใ for contextual advice: Based on given information or assumptions
- Result clause restrictions: ใจ cannot use commands/volitional
- Past tense usage: Only ใใ can express completed actions
- Discovery expressions: Use ใใ for unexpected findings
- Context matters: Choose the form that best matches the situation