๐Ÿ”€ Conditional Forms (ๆกไปถ่กจ็พ)

Master If/When Expressions and Conditions

Understanding Conditional Forms

Japanese has four main conditional forms: ใจ, ใฐ, ใŸใ‚‰, and ใชใ‚‰. Each has specific usage contexts and nuances. At the N2 level, you need to understand when to use each form and how they differ in meaning and application.

๐ŸŽฏ The Four Conditional Forms

1. ใจๆกไปถ (to - Natural Consequence)

Formation:
Verb (dictionary form) + ใจ
ใ„-adjective + ใจ
ใช-adjective + ใ ใจ
Noun + ใ ใจ

Usage: Natural/habitual results, scientific facts, automatic outcomes

Examples:
ๆ˜ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใใ€‚
When spring comes, cherry blossoms bloom.

ใ“ใฎใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ๆŠผใ™ใจใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ้–‹ใใ€‚
When you press this button, the door opens.

ๅณใซๆ›ฒใŒใ‚‹ใจใ€้ง…ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
If you turn right, there's a station.

้ขจ้‚ชใ‚’ๅผ•ใใจใ€็†ฑใŒๅ‡บใ‚‹ใ€‚
When you catch a cold, you get a fever.

Characteristics:
โœ“ Used for natural/inevitable results
โœ“ Often used for habitual actions
โœ“ Cannot use volitional expressions in the result clause
โœ“ Cannot use commands or requests in the result clause

โŒ ๆ˜ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚(Wrong - volitional)
โœ… ๆ˜ฅใซใชใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚(Correct)

2. ใฐๆกไปถ (ba - General Condition)

Formation:
Verb: Change u-sound to e-sound + ใฐ
  ่กŒใ โ†’ ่กŒใ‘ใฐ
  ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใฐ
  ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ
  ๆฅใ‚‹ โ†’ ๆฅใ‚Œใฐ
ใ„-adjective: Remove ใ„ + ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
  ้ซ˜ใ„ โ†’ ้ซ˜ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
ใช-adjective: + ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
  ไพฟๅˆฉ โ†’ ไพฟๅˆฉใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
Noun: + ใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ
  ๅญฆ็”Ÿ โ†’ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ

Usage: General conditions, hypothetical situations

Examples:
ๆ—ฉใ่ตทใใ‚Œใฐใ€้–“ใซๅˆใ†ใ€‚
If you wake up early, you'll make it in time.

ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅˆๆ ผใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
If you study more, you can pass.

ๅฎ‰ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ฒทใ„ใŸใ„ใ€‚
If it's cheap, I want to buy it.

ๆ™ดใ‚Œใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใƒ”ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ€‚
If it's sunny, let's go on a picnic.

Characteristics:
โœ“ Used for general conditional statements
โœ“ Often implies "if this condition is met"
โœ“ Can be used with suggestions/volitional in result
โœ“ Slightly formal/literary tone

Special form:
ใ€œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ (must, have to)
ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚
I must study.

3. ใŸใ‚‰ๆกไปถ (tara - Most Versatile)

Formation:
Verb ใŸ-form + ใ‚‰
  ่กŒใฃใŸ โ†’ ่กŒใฃใŸใ‚‰
  ้ฃŸในใŸ โ†’ ้ฃŸในใŸใ‚‰
ใ„-adjective + ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰
  ้ซ˜ใ„ โ†’ ้ซ˜ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰
ใช-adjective + ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
  ไพฟๅˆฉ โ†’ ไพฟๅˆฉใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
Noun + ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
  ๅญฆ็”Ÿ โ†’ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰

Usage: Most versatile; hypothetical, temporal sequence, discovery

Examples:
1. Hypothetical:
ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฎใใ˜ใซๅฝ“ใŸใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๅฎถใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใ€‚
If I won the lottery, I'd buy a house.

2. Temporal sequence:
ๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ™ใๅฏใŸใ€‚
When I got home, I went to bed immediately.

3. Discovery:
ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใ‚’้–‹ใ‘ใŸใ‚‰ใ€็ŒซใŒใ„ใŸใ€‚
When I opened the door, there was a cat.

4. Suggestion:
ๆš‡ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜ ็”ปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„?
If you're free, why don't we go see a movie?

Characteristics:
โœ“ Most flexible and commonly used
โœ“ Can express completed actions
โœ“ Can use past tense in result clause
โœ“ Can use commands, requests, volitional
โœ“ Natural in spoken Japanese

Special usage:
ใ‚‚ใ—ใ€œใŸใ‚‰ (if... then...)
ใ‚‚ใ—ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ‰‹ไผใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
If you have time, please help me.

4. ใชใ‚‰ๆกไปถ (nara - Contextual Condition)

Formation:
Verb (plain form) + ใชใ‚‰
ใ„-adjective + ใชใ‚‰
ใช-adjective + ใชใ‚‰
Noun + ใชใ‚‰

Usage: Based on given information, speaker's assumption

Examples:
A: ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ€ๅคง้˜ชใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
B: ๅคง้˜ชใซ่กŒใใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎๅบ—ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใฟใฆใ€‚
A: I'm going to Osaka tomorrow.
B: If you're going to Osaka, try this restaurant.

ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใชใ‚‰ใ€่ฒธใ—ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ€‚
If you don't have money, I'll lend you some.

ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚
If you're going to study Japanese, you should practice daily.

ๅฝผใชใ‚‰ใ€็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใ ใ€‚
If it's him, he should know.

Characteristics:
โœ“ Based on information from context
โœ“ Often gives advice or suggestions
โœ“ Speaker's opinion or recommendation
โœ“ "If that's the case" nuance
โœ“ Often used in responses

Difference from other forms:
ร— ๆ˜ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใใ€‚
โœ… ๆ˜ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใใ€‚
(Natural consequence uses ใจ, not ใชใ‚‰)

๐Ÿ” Comparing Conditional Forms

Same Sentence, Different Meanings

1. ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใจใ€่ฉฆๅˆใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ€‚
   When it rains, the game is cancelled. (rule/fact)

2. ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ฉฆๅˆใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ€‚
   If it rains, the game will be cancelled. (general condition)

3. ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€่ฉฆๅˆใฏไธญๆญขใ ใ€‚
   If it rains, the game will be cancelled. (hypothetical)

4. ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€่ฉฆๅˆใฏไธญๆญขใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚
   If it's going to rain, we should cancel the game. (suggestion)

Context determines which is most natural!

Usage Restrictions Comparison

โ•”โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฆโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•—
โ•‘ Feature      โ•‘ ใจ โ•‘ ใฐ โ•‘ ใŸใ‚‰ โ•‘ ใชใ‚‰ โ•‘
โ• โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฌโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฃ
โ•‘ Volitional   โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘ โ–ณ  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘
โ•‘ Command      โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘ โ–ณ  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘
โ•‘ Request      โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘ โ–ณ  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘
โ•‘ Past tense   โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ—   โ•‘
โ•‘ Discovery    โ•‘ โ–ณ  โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ—   โ•‘
โ•‘ Advice       โ•‘ โœ—  โ•‘ โ–ณ  โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘  โœ“   โ•‘
โ•šโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•ฉโ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•โ•

โœ“ = Natural/Common
โ–ณ = Possible but limited
โœ— = Not natural/incorrect

Special Conditional Patterns

1. ใ€œใฐใ€œใปใฉ (the more... the more...)
ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚
The more you study, the more difficult it becomes.

็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚
The more you practice, the better you become.

2. ใ€œใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰/ใ€œใจใ™ใ‚Œใฐ (supposing that, assuming)
ใ‚‚ใ—ๅฝผใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ๆ™‚้ ƒใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€‚
Supposing he comes, what time would it be?

3. ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏ/ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใจ (if... then... [negative consequence])
ใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใงๆ€’ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏใ€็คพไผšไบบใจใ—ใฆๅคฑๆ ผใ ใ€‚
If you get angry over something like that, you're 
unqualified as a working adult.

4. ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ (not unless, only after)
่จฑๅฏใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจใ€ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚
We can't start unless we get permission.

5. ใ€œใ•ใˆใ€œใฐ (if only, as long as)
ใŠ้‡‘ใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไฝ•ใงใ‚‚่ฒทใˆใ‚‹ใ€‚
If you only have money, you can buy anything.

ๅฅๅบทใงใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅนธใ›ใ ใ€‚
As long as you're healthy, you're happy.

๐Ÿ’ก Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Choose the Correct Form

ใ“ใฎใƒœใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚’ๆŠผใ™___ใ€้›ปๆฐ—ใŒใคใใ€‚
A. ใชใ‚‰ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใŸใ‚‰
Answer: B. ใจ (automatic/natural result)
When you press this button, the light turns on.
Automatic consequence โ†’ use ใจ
ๆš‡___ใ€้Šใณใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
A. ใจ B. ใฐ C. ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ D. ใชใ‚‰
Answer: C. ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰ (request/invitation)
If you're free, please come visit.
Request in result clause โ†’ cannot use ใจ
ๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚‹___ใ€่ชฐใ‚‚ใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
A. ใชใ‚‰ B. ใจ C. ใฐ D. ใŸใ‚‰
Answer: D. ใŸใ‚‰ (discovery)
When I got home, no one was there.
Unexpected discovery โ†’ use ใŸใ‚‰
A: ไบฌ้ƒฝใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
B: ไบฌ้ƒฝใซ่กŒใ___ใ€ใ“ใฎๅฏบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
A. ใจ B. ใŸใ‚‰ C. ใชใ‚‰ D. ใฐ
Answer: C. ใชใ‚‰ (advice based on given info)
If you're going to Kyoto, see this temple.
Responding to given information โ†’ use ใชใ‚‰

Exercise 2: Fix the Mistakes

โŒ ๆ˜ฅใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
โœ… ๆ˜ฅใซใชใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ—…่กŒใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
When spring comes, let's travel.
Cannot use volitional with ใจ
โŒ ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆ™ดใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ใ€ๆกœใŒๅ’ฒใใ€‚
โœ… ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๆ™ดใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰ใ€่Šฑ่ฆ‹ใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใ€‚
ใชใ‚‰ is for suggestions based on given info, not natural results

Exercise 3: Create Sentences

Using different conditionals for the same basic idea:

Topic: Going to the library

ใจ: ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใใจใ€้™ใ‹ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
   (When you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
   [natural result]

ใฐ: ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใ‘ใฐใ€้™ใ‹ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
   (If you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
   [general condition]

ใŸใ‚‰: ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€้™ใ‹ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
     (If you go to the library, you can study quietly.)
     [hypothetical/suggestion]

ใชใ‚‰: ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใซ่กŒใฃใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚
     (If you're going to study, you should go to the library.)
     [advice]

๐ŸŽฏ Key Takeaways